By Elton Alisson
Agência FAPESP – The southern half of the Atlantic Ocean is
receiving increasing volumes of water from the Indian Ocean, whose
waters are not only warmer but also saltier than the waters from
sub-Antarctic regions.
This newly discovered process could cause changes in the composition
of the waters of the South Atlantic Ocean – which flow northward to the
North Atlantic – and affect the atmospheric temperature of sub-Arctic
regions.
The phenomenon is occurring because the waters of the South Atlantic
that flow toward the North transport and release heat into the
atmosphere at higher latitudes. As they become saltier and,
consequently, heavier, they will tend to sink more rapidly before
reaching the high latitudes of the North Atlantic. This process could
reduce the temperature of the ocean’s surface and the atmosphere in
sub-Arctic regions.
These findings, discovered previously with the aid of numerical
models, were confirmed by an observational study conducted by an
international group of researchers, including Brazilians, that has just
been published in the online edition of the
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (JGR).
The study is the first based on data collected on the
Alpha Crucis
– the oceanographic ship FAPESP acquired in 2012 for the Oceanography
Institute at Universidade de São Paulo (IO - USP). The ship is part of
the international project for analysis of heat circulation in the area –
South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (SAMOC).
This international research effort involves researchers and
institutions from the United States, France, Brazil, South Africa,
Argentina, Russia and Germany. The participation of Brazilian
researchers is funded by FAPESP through a
Thematic Research Project conducted under the auspices of the
FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change and an
agreement forged between the Pernambuco Research Foundation and the French National Research Agency (ANR).
“The objective of SAMOC is to monitor the meridional flows and
thermodynamic properties of bodies of water in the vertical section
along latitude 35°S, which begins at the Chuí region in South America
and extends to South Africa, and in what we call SAMBA [
SAMOC Basin-wide Array],” said Edmo Campos, a faculty member at IO-USP and coordinator of the project on the Brazilian side.
Sea fronts
According to Campos, this geographic line represents a border region
through which the mixture of waters from the Indian and Pacific Oceans
enters the subtropical region of the South Atlantic; from there, a
significant portion flows on to the North Atlantic as part of the
Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC).
Upon monitoring and detecting signs of variation in this region, it
is possible to forecast changes in the temperature of the North Atlantic
in the coming decades, indicates Campos.
“The South Atlantic transports heat to the North Atlantic at a rate
of 1.3 petawatts, which represents a quantity of energy equivalent to
that produced by more than 200,000 Itaipu power plants working at full
steam,” explained Campos. “Any small change in this process of
transporting heat could set off a series of consequences for the
planet’s climate.”
According to the researcher, because of the importance of the South
Atlantic and the fact that this is one of the oceanic regions with the
fewest maritime observations, a series of international efforts to
monitor this region have been undertaken in recent years.
SAMOC is one of these efforts. Brazilian, Argentine and North
American researchers assumed responsibility for monitoring the western
part of the SAMBA line. Researchers in South Africa and France are
studying the eastern region. A collaboration of , and the United States
with other countries, including Brazil, is currently planning the
implementation of the monitoring system for the central part of the
line.
“Our objective is for Brazil to take leadership and cover the entire extension of this latitude [
from Chuí to South Africa]
in cooperation with other countries to guarantee monitoring of the
SAMBA line and obtain information to infer variations in the heat
transportation system between the oceans that can eventually have
impacts on a regional and global scale,” reported Campos.
The first experiments involving Brazilian participation in the
project were conducted in late 2009 during a survey voyage by the
hydrooceanographic vessel Cruzeiro do Sul, which was acquired by the
Brazilian Navy in partnership with the Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation (MCTI).
In December 2012, Brazilian researchers conducted a series of
experiments during the first international voyage made by the Alpha
Crucis.
The first Alpha Crucis voyage
In this first voyage, the vessel left the Port of Santos headed
toward 34.5 °S (located 1,400 kilometers from the Brazilian coast). From
this point and throughout the length of this latitude, the vessel
returned to the Brazilian coast on the border with Uruguay.
During this trajectory over a 17-day period, the researchers on board
collected several types of oceanographic data, such as current
measurement, temperature, oxygen concentration and water salinity,
through a series of instruments available on the vessel.
Additionally, researchers installed a series of conductivity,
temperature, oxygen and flow sensors and echosounders with pressure and
marine current speed sensors on the sea floor along the western
extremity of the SAMBA line.
Called Current, Pressure Inverted Echo-Sounders (CPIES), the
echosounders emit a sound signal in the direction of the ocean’s
surface. Using the time the signal takes to reach the surface and return
to the sea floor, researchers can infer the density and temperature of
marine currents and, therefore, estimate the speed with which they
transport heat through the vertical cross-section established by these
sensors, explained Campos.
“The instruments installed during the maiden international voyage of
the Alpha Crucis take continuous measurements; the data are stored and
can be collected via satellite through messengers that are released
periodically and upon reaching the surface transmit data to be collected
by acoustic transducers on oceanographic vessels, which pass near the
equipment and extract the catalogued data for analysis,” explained
Campos.
“With the first voyage of the Alpha Crucis, we managed to collect a
much greater quantity of information than we had and to conduct analysis
on the variables in the heat transfer in the South Atlantic to the
North Atlantic, as shown in the article published in JGR,” he affirmed.
According to the researcher, the analyses – which also include
historical data and the results of numerical models – indicate changes
in the South Atlantic. These changes, according to him, are in
accordance with the previous hypotheses that the volume of water that
the ocean receives from the Indian Ocean is increasing and changing the
concentration of salt in its water mass. The basis for this conclusion
is that the waters of the Indian Ocean have a higher quantity of salt
(salinity) and a higher temperature than those found at 34.5°S in the
Atlantic.
This increased concentration of salt in the South Atlantic could
change the flow of water to the North Atlantic and the process of heat
transfer with the atmosphere, warned Campos.
“Minimal changes in the temperature or the concentration of water
change the process of heat transfer from the surface of the ocean to the
atmosphere, and the response of the climate could even be
catastrophic,” he affirmed.
“The climate depends on how the ocean exchanges heat with the
atmosphere and how it redistributes this temperature to the rest of the
planet,” stressed Campos.
The researcher stressed that because the data collected cover a
period of only 20 months. It is still not possible to obtain signs of
climate change based solely on these observations, as these observations
would have to be obtained over much longer periods – decades, for
example.
The study, however, represents one of the first contributions toward
better understanding how heat transfer occurs in the South Atlantic and
varies over shorter scales of months and years, he pondered.
“Our objective is to obtain these data for periods much longer than a
few years through other planned voyages with the Alpha Crucis,” said
Campos.
“At any rate, the study is already a practical result based on data
collected on voyages undertaken by the Alpha Crucis, which contributed
significantly to the observations in the South Atlantic,” he evaluates.
The article
Temporal variability of the Meridional Overturning
Circulation at 34.5°S: Results from two pilot boundary arrays in the
South Atlantic (doi: 10.1002/2013JC009228), by Campos et al, can be read by subscribers of the
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans at
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2169-9291.